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From Wikipedia:
Rota's words were written in 1908 by Maria Konopnicka. The music was composed two years later by Feliks Nowowiejski.

Konopnicka's poem came into being as a protest against the German Empire's oppression and suppression of Polish culture in German-occupied western Poland — lands that from the late 18th century after the Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to 1918 were under Prussian — and later, German — rule.