Dukkha is a Pali term roughly corresponding to a number of terms in English including suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration. Although dukkha is often translated as "suffering", its philosophical meaning is more analogous to "disquietude" as in the condition of being disturbed. As such, "suffering" is too narrow a translation with "negative emotional connotations", which can give the impression that the view is one of pessimism, but the view is neither pessimistic nor optimistic, but realistic. Thus dukkha is often left untranslated, so as to encompass its full range of meaning.
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